长难句分析

基础结构的长难句分析

断开长难句

标点

逗号

• The idea is intuitively compelling , but it dosen’t explain how ideas actually spread.

冒号

• It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut(宾语从句)(原因状语从句)(主语从句).

分号

• Moreover, average overall margins(利润) are higher in wholsale than in retail ; wholesale demand from the food service is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often(状语从句) ; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

连接词

并列连词：and,but,or…
从属连词：because,if,while,although,as..
关系词：that,how,wh-

从句一般结束语三种位置：

• 标点
• 下一个连接词
• 第二个谓语动词前

从句结束语标点

• One of the reason why the appointment came as such a surprise(定语从句), however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known(表语从句).

• Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops(原因状语从句).
  一些种类的树已经被看重经济利益的林务官“驱逐出境”，因为它们生长得太慢，或者作为木材收益太低。

• Today they argue that market prices overstate losses(宾语从句), because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts(原因状语从句).

• On the overturned provisions(条款) the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the filed”(宾语从句), and Arizona had thus intruded(入侵) on the federal’s privileged powers.
  对于那些被推翻的条款，大多数观点认为国会已经从容地占据了领地，并且亚利桑那州已经侵犯了来拿邦政府的特权。

• When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees(时间状语从句), most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions(定语从句), until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.(时间状语从句)
  当我们被剥夺了绿色、植物以及草木时，我们大多数人通常把陷入精神颓废归咎于某些心理疾病，知道有一天我们置身花园，才顿觉压抑感神奇地消失了。

从句结束于下一个连接词

• But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.(定语从句)
  但是，从更加长远的角度看，我们可以相当确定地说该数量很惊人

• Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious(定语从句)(宾语从句)

• Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result(定语从句，修饰regulations) if every state sets its own rules(条件状语从句).
  当然，假设各州都制定自己的法规，那么对会产生补丁法规这一担忧也是合理的。

• That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure(时间状语从句)(表语从句).

• However, the Justices said (that) the Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement(定语从句)(宾语从句).

• Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago(时间状语从句).(非限制性定语从句)

• The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens(表语从句).

• In the idealized version of how science is done(宾语从句), facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by ohjective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work(定语从句).

从句结束语第二个谓语动词前

• The hardest task that television asks of anyone(定语从句) is to turn the power off after he has turned it on(时间状语从句).

• Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to uphold(定语从句) are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing(宾语从句).
  其次，大部分使用互联电脑上传资料的用户甚至还未意识到他们的举动所带来的重要性。

• If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer(条件状语从句), those who can sit it earlier(定语从句) should be allowed to do so.

• Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present(定语从句) is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.(时间状语从句)

• Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.(主语从句)
  以一个更加宽泛的视角看我们在宇宙中的位置，很明显，我们人类即使活不了几百万年，但是活几万年的机会还是很大的。

• It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraoridinarily hard to get.(宾语从句)
  它（失业）会在经济上使人害怕，在心理上使人尴尬，并且你知道能得到的支持微乎其微并且还极难获得、

• The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits(定语从句).(宾语从句)

真题演练

• That’s a lie that we have perpetuated(定语从句), and it fosters commonness.
  那是我们长久以来制造的一个谎言，它造就了平庸

• Theses receptors are the cells which sense smells and send messages to the brian(定语从句).
  这些接收器一些可以感知气味并向大脑发送信息的细胞。

• You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness(并与从句) because modern times have seen so much misery(原因状语从句).
  你可能会认为艺术对快乐产生越来越多的怀疑，因为线代社会经历了太多太多的痛苦。

• We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it(条件状语从句).(宾语从句)
  我们不得不猜想，即使政府不强制推行教育，经济持续增长也会促进教育的发展。

• Although this is an interesting issue(让步状语从句), it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains (how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job(宾语从句))(非限制性定语从句).
  尽管这个话题很有趣，但它与主题没有关系，该论题是解释环境如何影响Sammy做出辞职决定的。

• They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment(定语从句).
  他们可能教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但是他们当中大多数人却很少或没有对设计道德判断的人类问题进行独立思考。

• Once you have a first draft on paper(条件状语从句), you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis(定语从句) and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.
  一旦你完成了初稿，就可以删除与论题不想管的材料，添加必要的材料去更好地阐明观点，并使文章更具有说服力。

• If you are part of the group which you are addressing(定语从句)(条件状语从句), you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.
  如果你是谈话对象集体中的一员，就可以设身处地地了解你们所有人共有的经历和问题，你可以对餐厅极难吃的食物或者领导在选择领带方面差劲的品味评头论足。

• Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline(宾语从句), which future management efforts must take into account.(非限制性定语从句)
  Myers和Worm博士认为他们的工作将提供一个准确的捕捞数量基准，这时未来渔业管理层必须考虑的事情

• Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them(定语从句).(宾语从句)
  最重要的是，这些新的年轻人必须感到他们是受到家人的赏识、尊重和支持的。

• We are not aware of the usual smell of our own house, but we notice new smells when we visit someone else’s(时间状语从句).
  我们察觉不到自己家里常有的气味，但是当我们拜访其他人的家时就会注意到不熟悉的气味。

• It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele(定语从句)(原因状语从句).
  把价格提高太多是意见令人遗憾的事，因为这样将会赶走特拉特福镇最有吸引力的客户群——年轻人

• This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air(定语从句), missing the majority of smells which stick to surfaces(定语从句)(宾语从句).
  missing the majority of … 非谓语动词引导的作状语，修饰our noses
  这就意味着我们的鼻子只局限于感知在空气中飘过的气味，而遗漏了大多数附着在物体表面的气味

• Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made(让步状语从句？宾语从句？).
  既然你已经把一个话题展开成为一个初步的论题，你就可以整理笔记，并开始充实已经制定好的提纲。

• The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean(定语从句) because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past(原因状语从句)(表语从句).
  这种观点认为人们还未发觉海洋中的巨大变化，因为他们只回顾了过去相当短的一段时期的情况。

• This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others(宾语从句), so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results(定语从句)(作状语，表原因).
  这意味着某个DNA数据库可能有来自某些地区的大量数据，但缺乏其他地区的数据。因此，同一个人的检查结果会因为处理研究结果的公司不同而存在差异。

• At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,”(条件状语从句) Cartwright says.
  Cartwright认为，说到底，只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或者从梦中惊醒，就没有理由在意所做的梦。

• We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients(原因状语从句), although they risked their death(让步状语从句).
  尽管医生冒着致病人死亡的危险，我们也不能称那些死亡为谋杀，因为医生并不想杀死病人。

• Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research(原因状语从句).
  动物权利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，因为它依赖于公共资金的资助，并且很少有人懂得医学研究的过程。

• The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be(宾语从句).
  that the structure… 宾语从句
  which took root in… 非限制性定语从句
  long before … 时间状语从句
  how diverse …宾语从句
  希腊人认为语言的结构和思维过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别就已经在欧洲扎下了根。

• They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements(定语从句).
  他们是传统理论定义下的自由人，他们重视实践，认为一个人应对自己的行为负责，对于表现好的应给予奖励。

分析主谓

（一）主谓主谓，则后面的为从句

有时从句的连接词会被省略，此时就只能通过主谓来断开。

• The IASB(主) says(谓) it(主) does(谓) not want to act without overall planning, …

• Allen’s contribution(主) was(谓) to take an assumption we(主) all share(谓) … and reveal its erroneous nature.

• In those far-off days, it(主) was(谓) taken for granted that the critics of major papers(主) would write(谓) in detail and at length about the events they convered.

（二）主主谓谓，则中间的（主谓）为从句

• When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law(主) it(主) shapes(谓) is(谓) inescapably(不可避免地) political…

• The way(主) consumers(主) now approach(谓) the process of making purchase decisions means(谓) that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

真题演练

• It did know (that) he had a problem(宾语从句).

• Many recruiters say (that) the old disgrace is fading for top performers(宾语从句).
  许多招聘者表示，对于高级管理者来说，过去认为的丢脸的感觉已经慢慢消失了。

• But the regular time (that) it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities(定语从句) is nine years.
  但是，获得人文学科的博士通常需要九年的时间

• We unconsciously imitate the behavior (that) we see every day(定语从句).
  我们无意识地模仿每天看到的行为

• These rules say (that) they must value some assets at the price (that) a third party would pay(定语从句)(宾语从句)…
  这些规则指出银行按照第三方的出价来评估资产

• Today the messages (that) the average Westerner is surrouded with(定语从句) are not religious but commercial, and forever happy.

• Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned(定语从句) is when to stop(表语从句).
  许多别的五中也有学习能力，而且很明显，它们已经学会的一件事情就是何时何止学习

• Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening(让步状语从句)(宾语从句).
  消费者似乎只是有一些担心，没有恐慌，很多人说，即使再他们稍微节省开支的时候，对经济的远景也仍是乐观的。

• In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships(定语从句) may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.
  另外，公司用于判定血亲关系的计算机程序可能申请了专利保护，不易接受同行的审查或外界的评估。

• the trait we commonly call talent(定语从句) is highly overrated.
  我们对通常称之为“天赋”的特征过分看重了。

• Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves(定语从句) create parallel pathways.
  而我们刻意培养的新习惯会生成平行路径

• The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
  如今消费者的购买决策过程表明，市场营销的影响力来源于传统付费媒介之外的众多因素。

• Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams(宾语从句).
  Cartwright认为人们刻意练习意识控制以避免噩梦重演。

• This is on the mind of every animal we’ve ever met(定语从句).
  这就是我们遇到过的每一个动物所思考的。

• That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books(定语从句).
  这与大多数人所记得的历史书中华盛顿砍倒樱桃树的形象截然不同。

• As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback(定语从句).
  结果，他们是去了经济困难时期的“保护伞”。

• Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable(宾语从句).
  人人都明白这种趋势不可持续。

• At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape(宾语从句).
  那是，这些姓氏首字母不靠前的孩子可能认为自己有幸逃过了提问。

• As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful(宾语从句).
  作为一名医生，我深知最昂贵和最激进的手段可能是无效和痛苦的。

• And the Internet is not the only tool we have(定语从句).
  互联网越是我们拥有的唯一的工具。

简化长难句

语法详解

• 把长难句（多件事）断成多个简单句（一件一件事）后，就可以逐个看懂每一个简单句（每一件事）。但有时简单句也不一定那么简单，会有很多修饰限定、补充说明的成分。看懂简单句，需要去掉修饰和补充的成分（即非核心成分），找到简单句的核心（一件事的核心）。
• 简单句的核心成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语（补语较少出现）
• 简单句的非核心成分：形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、同位语、插入语等。
• 简化句子的方法：简单句的核心成分，要保留、先看；简单句的非核心部分，去掉不看或后看。简化的目的主要是为了“去掉花哨的外表，直接搞定内容的核心”，先看懂句子大意，再深入研究细节。

• The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.
  纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert做其下一任音乐总监，这一决定自2009年突然宣布以来就一直是古典音乐节谈论的话题

• During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds —— including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate —— varied from around 4% to 25%; …
  在20世纪90年代末，国家在社会科学与人文学科方面的投入占总研发基金（包括政府、高等教育机构、非营利性组织和企业）的比例从4%到25%…

• Curbs on business-method claims would bes a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual fund assets.
  对于商业方法专利设置的限制可谓是态度的巨大转变，因为正是联邦巡回法院在1998年的“道富银行案”中引入了这类专利，其中的共同资产投资的管理方法被授予了专利。

• A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management —— especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.
  一系列的世故，包括2007年冷却塔局部倒塌和发现地下管线系统的泄露，引起了人们对Vermont Yankee核电站的安全性和Entergy公司管理的严重质疑，特别是公司对管线事故做出了错误的陈述之后。

• As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
  当发现声明通过科学界的审查时，与该发现相容或相抗的理论会相互作用或相互对抗，将个体的发现声明转化为科学界可信的发现。

• Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
  在过去25年，英文报刊发生的所有变化中影响最为深远的或许是艺术评论在其范围和严肃性上不可避免的减少。

真题演练

• From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
  Hofstadter说，在我们历史的一开始，我们对于民主和平民主义的渴望驱使我们拒绝任何带有精英主义色彩的东西。

• By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck…
  通过与我们的神经系统直接相连，计算机可以知道我们的感觉，并且可以模仿感觉，这样，我们就能够发展全方位感知环境，就像电影《宇宙威龙》中的虚拟假期或《星际迷航》的全息甲板。

• The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
  即将到来的战后的生育高峰以及女性进入男性主宰的就业市场的时代限制了青少年的发展机会，这些青少年开始质疑为进好学校，找好工作而攀登日本残酷的社会阶梯所付出的巨大代价是否是值得的。

• For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate infromation, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.
  比如，英国人类学家Grafton Elliot Smith和W.J. Perry在研究资料不充分的情况下错误地指出，农耕、制陶、冶金都源于古埃及，然后传播至全世界。

• It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
  它指出了临终狐狸中并存的两大问题：对病痛处理不力和过量采用“无效而强制性的医疗手段”，这些医疗手段可能会延长死亡期，甚至让病人死得不体面。

• It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, begining with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane.
  正是在这段时间，通信革命也加快了步伐，从交通运输、铁路开始，发展到电报、电话、收音机和电影，再到20世纪的汽车和飞机。

• As the interaction between organism and enviroment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.
  然而，随着有机体和环境之间的相互作用逐渐为人们所了解，一度被认为是由思维、情感、性格产生的影响现在被追溯到人们可以理解的环境上去了，因而，建立行为技术也就成为可能。

特殊结构的长难句分析

分裂结构

所谓“分裂结构”，就是在句子中间插入额外的其他部分，或把句子中某些成分从原本的位置上移走，这样就造成了一个连贯的句子分裂。此时分析长难句，只需要在原有的“两步分析法”（断开+简化）之前，多加一步——找到分裂并把句子还原成原本连贯的样子。

插入式的分裂结构

同位语或插入语插入句子中间，造成分裂结构，还有状语从句插入句子中间的分裂结构。
这种插入式的分裂结构，通常会在插入的成分两端加上标点进行分割。

（一）同位语、插入语造成的分裂结构

同位语和插入语都是句子的补充成分，同位语是与前面名词有关的补充，而插入语是与前后都无关的插入信息。
在分析句子时，不需要纠结于这到底是插入语还是同位语，只要知道它是后插入的补充信息，造成了分裂结构，直接去掉就可以了。

• Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers(同位语), says (that)consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences(条件状语从句)(宾语从句).
  美国国家广告协会的首席执行官Bob Liodice称，如果广告行业不能收集关于消费者喜好的信息，那么消费者的情况会更糟。

• These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say(插入语), and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science(定语从句).
  这些资助者在自己的领域中获得了成功，并且他们说想用他们的财富来吸引科学界成功人士的关注。

• Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory(插入语), are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.
  然而，根据二级流动理论，正是那些不是名人的有影响力的人通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事推动了社会流行潮的传播。

• Two of the three objecting Justices —— Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas(同位语) —— agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute(宾语从句).
  三位投反对票中的两位法官Samuel Alito和Clarence Thomas认为该法案合法，但是在亚利桑那州条例和联邦法律相冲突方面存在分歧。

（二）状语从句插入造成的分裂结构

状语从句是对主句的补充，表示描述性的信息，它通常由三种位置：主句前，主句后，主句中。当状语从句位于主句中间时，就会造成分裂结构。但状语从句表示描述性的信息，不能像同位语或插入语那样直接去掉，所以要把插入的状语从句，移到句子最后，先把被分裂的句子还原成连贯的。

• A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be(让步状语从句), is a distinctly human need…
  安宁的圣地是人类特有的需要，无论怎样天然无修饰…

• Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity(条件状语从句), they are entitled to continuance.
  然而这些生物都是生物群落中的成员，如果群落的稳定依赖于它自身的完整的话，那么这些动物就有权继续生存下去。

从句后移式的分裂结构

• Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
  与所记载的描述相反，没有系统的证据证明生产效率与照明的变化之间存在关联。

• But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth(宾语从句).
  但是当核管理委员会审核该公司的申请时，它应该考虑Entergy公司的承诺有多少价值。
  ①But as…, it should keep what … in mind
  ②as时间状语从句
  ③后移的what宾语从句

• In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents(宾语从句).
  2005年，IBM发现在一项法律案件中被授予多达300个商业方法专利

真题演练

• When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance.
  当某一类没有经济价值的物种收到威胁时，如果恰巧喜爱它，就会编一些接口来赋予它经济重要性。

• Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago(让步状语从句),, today’s people —— especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations(定语从句) —— apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.
  尽管一般来说，现在美国人的身高比140年前高了约两英寸，但他们，尤其是那些几代都在美国生活的家庭中出生的人，其身高在20世纪60年代初明显已经达到了极限。

• Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their sotries in court to ensure guilty verdicts(同位语从句).
  为了确保陪审团做出有罪判决，证人可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大事实，这引起了人们的担忧。

• This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry(让步状语从句), can hardly be classed as Literature.
  尽管它践行了未来主义诗歌的规则和要求，但却很难归类于文学。

• I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
  我之所以将他排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实层面。

嵌套结构

所谓“嵌套结构”，就是句子套句子，层层嵌套，类似于“俄罗斯套娃”的样子，首先，根据讲过的方法找到从句，然后再理清层层嵌套的关系，即哪个从句包含在哪个从句之中。

• It hoped (that) they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers’ productivity(宾语从句)(宾语从句).
  它希望他们弄清楚车间照明是如何影响工人的生产效率。

• Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised (that) it would not(宾语从句) (宾语从句);
  然而，该公司恰好做出了一直以来承诺不会做的事。

• The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for(宾语从句) (表语从句).
  过去市场营销成功的大概准则就是：使你所支付的投资做到物有所值。

• In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with(定语从句) 宾语从句.
  事实上，白宫宣称如果它对其他合法的州法律有异议，它有权利宣布其无效。

• It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretations of what happened(宾语从句) (主语从句).
  结果发现可能是进行实验的特殊方式导致实验者对所发生事实的误导性解释。

真题演练

• We’re doing these things because we know what happened(宾语从句) (原因状语从句).
  我们之所以这么做是因为我们知道这样可以帮人们不依赖于福利并且可以帮那些享受福利的人更快找到工作。

• A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly(表语从句) (非限制性定语从句).
  少量的衍生规律就足以诠释所有的语言基本结构，这也是儿童能快速学会语言的原因。

• This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking(地点状语从句), as it is for these unlikely gardeners(方式状语从句), the former becomes all the more urgent(结果状语从句).
  这差别太大了，所以在后者缺失的情况下，正如这些难以置信的园丁一样，前者就变得更为迫切了。

• The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.
  这些努力中最著名的一个是由Noam Chomsky发起的，他认为人类具有一种支配普遍语法的先天性语言习得能力。

• The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind”(定语从句) wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women(宾语从句)(定语从句).
  一个学生写了一篇题为“The A & P as a State of Mind”的文章，她很明智地删除了质疑Sammy是否对妇女有大男子主义态度的段落。

• For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached(定语从句).
  多年来，高管们和猎头们都坚持这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO的候选人是那些必须被挖来的人。

平行结构

所谓“平行结构”，又称“并列结构”，其实就是多个词、词组或句子并列在一起，作同一个成分，

（一）名词（词组）的平行并列

• ①The English, ②the Germans, ③the Dutch and ④the French were investign in Britain’s former colony.
  英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在这块前英国殖民地上骰子。

• The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as ①the mode of production, ②means of distribution, ③site of reception, and ④place of praise and critique.
  联网的电脑是一台神奇的设备，它是第一台具有生产方式、传播手段、接收站以及议论评价的媒介机器。

（二）动词的平行并列：谓语动词、非谓语动词

• All theories, however, ①are tentative and ②are subject to criticism.
  然而，所有这些理论都不是定论，并且经常遭到批评。

• The process ①sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and ②reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.
  这股浪潮源于经济异常活跃的没过，席卷了欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。

• It allows us to have perspective on our lives —— the ability ①to not take ourselves too seriosly, ②to laugh at ourselves, ③to see the bigger picture, and ④to see that things will work out.
  它使我们展望自己的生活：获得一种不必太过看重自己的能力，自嘲的能力，看到更广阔的天地的能力以及相信事情都会解决的能力。

• Two-and threee-dimensional maps are helpful tools in ①planning excavations, ②illustrating how sites look, and ③presenting the results of archaeological researchers
  二维或三维地图在计划挖掘（确定挖掘地点）、展现遗迹外观和考古研究的结论上有很大帮助。

• The financial crisis has made it more acceptable ①to be between jobs or ②to leave a bad one.
  经济危机已经使得失业或离开一个糟糕的工作变得更加可以接受了。

（三）介词短语的平行并列

• He advocated freedom ①of thought and ②of personal expression.
  他提倡思想和个人表达的自由。

• Mental health allows us to view others ①with sympathy if they are having troubles, ②with kindness if they are in pain, and ③with unconditional love no matter who they are.
  心理健康使我们这样看待他人：在他们深陷困境的情况下，心生怜悯；如果他们深陷苦痛，善意相待；无论他们是谁，我们都给予无条件的爱。

• So disciplines acquire a monopoly ①not just over the production of knowledge, ②but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
  因此，学科需要的不仅是对知识生产方面形成垄断，还有对于知识生产者的产出形成垄断。

（四）句子的平行并列

• We do not attract ①what we want, but ②what we are.
  我们所吸引的不是我们所想，而是我们本身所是。

• According to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose ①when lighting was increased, ②but also when it was dimmed.
  根据实验描述，照明强度增加时，女工每小时的产出增加，照明强度减少时，也是如此。

• The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly ①because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and ②partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
  行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因时用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直很难找到。

• However, ①whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, ②or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is as yet, an unanswered question.
  然而，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的，还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个有待回答的问题。

• It was argued at the end of the 19th century ①that humans do not cry because they are sad ②but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
  19世纪末的观点认为，人们并不是因为悲伤而哭泣，而是当眼泪开始留下来的时候才变得悲伤。

• For ①the time, ②attention, ③and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete ①not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, ②but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

真题演练

• They come entirely for ①the plays, ②not the sights.
  他们来这里就是为了欣赏戏剧，而不是观光。

• ①Its scientists were the world’s best; ②its workers the most skilled.
  它拥有世界顶尖的科学家和技术娴熟的工人。

• They should know how to deal with ①setbacks, ②stresses ③and feelings of inadequacy.
  他们应该知道如何应对挫折、压力和不胜任的心情。

• He must ①either sell some of his property ②or seek extra funds in the form of loans.
  他必须出售一些自己的资产或通过贷款的方式寻求额外的资金。