定语从句
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
①进一步说,人类有能力改变他们生活的环境,因此可以使其他生命形式服从于他们独特的想法和想象。
②进一步说,人类有能力改变他们生活的环境,因此可以使其他生命形式服从于人类独特的想法和想象。We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
当会说本族语言的民族灭绝或者被同化,进而舍弃他们自己本族的语言后,由于这些语言自此以后消失,我们不得不使用他们。They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries that most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgement.
他们或许教得很好并不只是为了赚钱,他们中的大多数人在涉及到道德判断的人类问题上很少或根本没有独立的思考。Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share – that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts – and reveal its erroneous nature.
艾伦的贡献是提出了一种我们都认可的假设,即因为我们不是机器人,所以我们可以控制我们的想法,并且其揭示了它错误的本质。
我们都不是机器人,因此能够控制自己的思想。艾伦的贡献就在于他去研究了这一假设,并揭示了其错误的本质。
Allen 艾伦
Clinton 克林顿
Galieo 伽利略
Greeks 希腊人
Old Continent 旧大陆
Socratic 苏格拉底
Darwin 达尔文
Darwinism 达尔文主义
Beethoven 贝多芬
Pearson 皮尔森
Tylor 泰勒
Whorlf 沃尔夫
Boas and Sapir 博阿思,萨皮尔
Ted Ning 泰德·宁
Boulder agency 鲍德代理商
Google 谷歌
Silicon Valley 硅谷
Broadway 百老汇
erroneous adj 错误的
error n 错误
errorless adj 无错误
- Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
①事实上,它不是,因为它假设了人们对人权有共同的认识,而这是世界上不存在的。
②事实并非如此,因为它假设了人们对人权有共同的认识,而这种共同的认识并不存在
agreed account 共同的认识
代词所指:
1.可以直接对应为汉语代词试试,前提是译文要通顺——适合第一、二人称
2.如果不通顺,则需要只待明确,尽可能地用指代到的名词翻译。往前看,就近和一致原则——第三人称代词,需小心
3.万不得已,直接用“这、这种情况,这种说法,这种观点”——it,this,that
常考动词:(转述动词)
assume 假设
believe 相信,认为
assert 断言
claim 宣称
maintain 保持
accept 接受
contend 坚持说,坚持认为
argue 争论说,辩论说
prove 证实
validate 验证,证实
demonstrate 证明,证实,表明
state 称述,认为
point out 指出
be convinced that 确信,相信
- Pearson has pieced together work of hundreds researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium techonology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
①皮尔森汇集了世界上数百位研究者的工作,编制出了一种独特的技术千年历,而这个千年历给出了我们期待的数百种关键突破和发现出现的最后日期。
②皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的研究成果,编制了一个独特的技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
同义替换,适当引申
-Don’t move.
不许动!
-Share prices moved ahead today.
股票价格今日上扬。
-The story of their suffering moved us deeply.
他们的苦难经历深深打动了我们。
-Work on the new building is moving quickly.
新大楼的工程进展得很快。
- There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that wil disable them when they offend.
①未来将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目和带有污染排放检测器的汽车,当汽车排放超标,检测器将使其停驶。
②届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标,检测器就会使其停驶。
There be句型的翻译
1.首先翻译英语中的状语,再加“有”
2.增加“人们、大家、我们”等汉语的泛指主语。
3.直接用动词“有、出现、存在”等开头。
- This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
①仅仅这一点就证明在电势行业生存不易,一个由统计数据强调的事实显示,在80家欧洲电视网络商中,超过半数在1989年出现亏损。
②这一点就足以表明,要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实,在80个欧洲电视网中,多达一半在1989年亏损。
the better part of decade 七八年
fortnight 两周
fortnightly 双周刊
score 二十年
four score and seven years ago 八十七年前
put two and two together 根据事实来看
- Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionaed manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
社会科学是知识探索的分支,它希望像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,通过相同的理性、有序、系统、冷静的方式,研究人类及其行为。
拆分大原则:
1.拆除主句,分清从句
2.拆除主干,分清修饰
拆分小原则:
1.连词
2.引导词
3.介词
4.粉刺
5.to
6.标点符号
7.不要把单个单词拆分出来
状语从句
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection(没有s) with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse lanuages could be.
①希腊人假设语言结构与思考的过程有一些联系,而这在人们认识到语言可能多么不同之前一直扎根于欧洲。
②希腊人认为语言结构与思考的过程有一些联系,长久以来,这一观点在人们认识到语言多样性之前在欧洲深入人心。
③希腊人认为,语言的结构与思维的过程之间有某种联系。这一观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎下了根。
long before 早在…以前
seeing that, donsidering that, in view of the fact that (既然,考虑到,因为,鉴于)
in that (因为,原因在于)
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
①行为科学缓慢发展,部分是因为解释行为的条款似乎经常是被直接观察到的,部分是因为其他种类解释很难发现。
②行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式很难找到。
Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.
因为我们对年轻人的主要任务是使他们在日常生活中懂得分享,所以我们禁不住思考我们是否能够形成这种将确保他们获得这种能力的力量。
chief business 主要任务
common life 日常生活
cannot help doing 禁不住地,不得不
forming the powers 具有力量
secure adj.安全的,v.使安全,确保,保障
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
由于大众通信的显著发展,各地的人们正在不断感受到新的需求,并且正在接触新的习俗和思想。然而由于上述原因,政府常常推出更多的创新措施。
be exposed to 接触
for the reasons give above 根据上述原因
though 虽然
although 虽然
even if 即使
while 尽管
whatever 无论什么
wherever 无论哪里
whoever 无论谁
however 无论怎样
no matter 不论,不管
for all that 尽管
She was strong, for all (that) she was so small.
in spite of the fact that
despite the fact that
While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
①尽管来自律师的评论以及反应可能提高新闻报道的质量,但是对于新闻工作者来说他们更倾向于依据他们自己对重要性的认识而做出他们自己的判断。
②虽然律师所提供的评论和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量,但是记者要依靠自己的价值观做出判断则更加难能可贵。
if 如果
unless 除非
providing that 如果,假如
granting that
supposing that
provided that 如果,假如
granted that
given that
on condition that 如果,只要
I’ll let you go on condition that you never waste money.
as long as, so long as 如果,只要
As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.
only, only that, only if 只要,只有
I would do it with pleasure, only I am not too busy.
if only 但愿,要是…就好了
Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
科学家赶忙介入来挽救局面,但是提出的证据明显站不住脚,大意是说:如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量,昆虫就会吞噬我们人类。
to effect that 大意是说
If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang, called the inflationary universe theory.
①如果这些小热点看上去同我们预期的一致,那么它将是现今另一个科学理论的成功,即宇宙大爆炸理论,又称为宇宙膨胀理论。
②假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利,这种论说即更完美的大爆炸理论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。
so that 为了,以便
lest 以防
in case 以防,以免
for fear that 以防
in order taht 为了
What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
目前发生的是人们不能如曾经那样轻松,开放地坦白自己梦想,以免他们被认为自己以为是、贪得无厌、粗俗不堪。
so…that
such…that
to such a degree that
And home applicances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder — kitchen rage.
家用电器将变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作他们将会引发一种新的心理疾病的发生——厨房狂躁症
During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
①在这种转变的过程中,传统史学研究方法由于新的方法得以增加,而新的方法是为了在历史研究中解释一种新的论证形。
②在这种转变中,传统历史研究方法增加了新的历史研究方法,这新的历史研究方法旨在去解释历史研究中新的证据形式。
③在这种转变中,历史学家研究历史时,那些解释新史料的新方法的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to otehr humans, or with no consideration at all.
①这种说法一开始就将讨论走向两个极端:它使人们这样对待动物,要么同人类对待其他人类种族一样,认真对待,要么根本毫不理会
Traditonally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
①传统意义上说,在这些大学中法律学习被视为律师特有的,而不是一个受过教育的人知识储备中的必要部分。
②传统意义上说,这些大学将法律学习视为律师所专有的,而不是一个受过教育的人知识储备中的必要组成部分。
被动句
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以确切地阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为上的选择作用刚刚开始被承认和研究。
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
①当这种情况发生的时候,它不是一个错:它正是出于道德原因而表现出来的人类本能,而这种本能应当得到鼓励而不是遭到嘲笑。
②当这种情况发生,它并没有错,这是人类用道德观念进行推断的本能在起作用,而这种本能应当得到鼓励而不是遭到嘲弄。
1997考研英语(一)英译汉
71. Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
译:事实上,它不是。因为它假设人们对人权有一致的认识,而这种认识是不存在的。
词:
account n. 户头,账目,认识,描述
agreed account of sth. 对某事的一致认识
改:事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人权有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识是不存在。
72. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
译:一些哲学家认为作为责任与权力交换的一部分,权力仅仅存在于社会契约中。
词:
entitlement n. 权力,权益
改:一些哲学家论证说,权力只存在于社会契约中,是责任与利益想交换的一部分。
73. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
译:这种观点一开始就将讨论引向两个极端:它使你去认为动物应当如此对待,要么同人类对待其他人类种族那样考虑,要么根本不考虑。
词:
outset n. 开头,开端
consideration n. 关心,体谅,考虑
改:这种说法从一开始就酱讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像人类对待自己一样去关心动物,要么一点也不关心。
74. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
译:这种观点争论说人类在每个相关方面有别于动物,这种观点的极端主义者认为动物处在道德选择区域之外。
词:
revelant adj. 有关的,相关的
extrimist n.极端主义者,持极端观点的人
改:这种极端主义者认为,人与动物在每一个相关方面都不相同。他们认为,动物没有道德选择的问题。
75. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
译:当这种情况发生,它不是一个错误:它是人们出于道德原因的人类本能的体现,而一种本能应当被鼓励而不是被嘲笑。
词:
instinct n. 知觉,本能
in action 表现,起作用
reasoning n. 推理
改:当这种情况发生,这并没有错:这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励而不是遭到嘲笑。
1998考研英语(一)英译汉
71. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 bilion years ago.
译:但是更为重要的是,这是科学家们能够观测到过去的最遥远的星云,而科学家们所观测到是这个存在于150亿年前的星云的模样以及结构。
词:
look into 观察,调查,向……里面看,窥视
改:但更为重要的是,这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
译:事实上,十九世纪二十年代首次提出的宇宙大爆炸学说需要这种巨型星云的存在来保持该学说作为宇宙主导解释的统治地位。
词:
virtually adv. 事实上,实际上
reign n.统治,统治地位
dominant adj.有统治权的,占优势的,支配的,主导的。
改:大爆炸理论是20世纪20年代首次提出的。巨大宇宙云的存在,实际上是这个理论保持其对宇宙解释的主导地位所必不可少的。
73. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
译:使用南极路基探测器以及球载仪器工作的天体物理学家们正在接近这些星云结构,也许不久之后就会报告他们的发现。
词:
astrophysicist n.天体物理学家
ground-base adj.路基的
balloon-borne adj.球载
instrument n.工具,仪器
改:使用南极路基探测器以及球载仪器的天体物理学家,正在越来越近地观测这些云系,也许不久就会报告他们的观测结果。
74. If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
译:如果这些小的热分子如期望的那样被观测到,那么这将是当今另一科学学说的胜利,这一被称为宇宙膨胀理论的学说是宇宙大爆炸的提炼。
词:
triumph n.胜利
refinement n.提炼,精制,进化
inflationary n.膨胀
改:假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味这又一科学论说的胜利,这种论说即更完美的大爆炸理论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically phausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
译:尽管这种学说听着奇怪,但是在基础粒子物理领域中宇宙膨胀是一些备受尊崇的理论学说中的一项看似科学合理的结果,并且七八年来许多天体物理学家对它的正确性一直深信不疑。
词:
odd adj.奇怪的,奇数的
plausible adj.似乎真实的,似乎可信的。
elementary adj.基本的,初步的,小学的
particle n.粒子
molecular n.分子
convince vt. 使相信,说服
改:宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些工人的理论在科学上看似可信的结果。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一轮说是正确的。
1999考研英语(一)英译汉
71. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
译:尽管几乎有多少历史学家就有多少历史的定义,但是与现代实践最一致的是认为历史是试图重塑并解释过去的重大事件。
词:
conform vi. 与……一致
改:几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intelleectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians.
译:人们对于历史学研究方法的兴趣很少由外部对于历史学作为一项知识学科的有效性的挑战引发,而更多的是来自历史学家他们自己之间的内部矛盾。
词:
quarrel n.争论
challenge n.挑战,质疑
改:人们之所以对历史研究方法产生兴趣,与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科有效性的质疑,还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论。
73. During the transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
译:在这一转变期间,历史学研究中,传统史学研究方法补充了额外的研究方法,而额外的研究方法是为了解释新形式的史料。
词:
additional adj.额外的,新的
改:在这种转变中,历史学家研究是历史时,那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统历史研究方法。
74. There is no agreement //whether methodology refers //to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general //or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
译:方法论是涉及了整体历史研究特有的概念,还是涉及适合多种史学研究分支的研究技术,这一点史学界还没有达成共识。
词:
refer to 谈到,涉及,指
peculiar adj.特有的,特别的
appropriate adj.适合的
approximate adj.大约
inquiry n.询问,打听,调查,研究
改:方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段,人们没有一致意见。
75. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
译:这种情况就好比是传统历史学家将历史仅仅看成事史学界外部与内部对史料的评论,社会科学历史学家认为他们的研究活动就是特定的研究技术。
词:
equate…with… 把…和…等同起来,认为…就是…
改:这种谬误同样存在传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家中;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
2000考研英语(一)英译汉
71. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
译:在现代情况下,这需要多种方式的集中控制以及因此需要获得来自诸如经济学家、操作研究专家等专业科学家的帮助。
词:
varying adj.改变、变化、不同
centralize vt.集中,聚集
改:在现代条件下,这需要不同程度的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
72. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
译:而且,显而易见的,一个国家的经济实力与其农业与工业的生产效率密切相关,并且这种生产效率反过来又依赖于所有类型的科学技术专家的努力。
词:
furthermore 而且
be bound up with 与……相关
rest upon 依赖于
改:而且,显而易见的,一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73. Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
译:由于大众通讯的显著发展,每个地方的人们正感受到新的需求以及接触到新的习惯和观念,因此出于上述原因政府一直致力于促进更长远的创新。
改:由于大众通信的显著发展,各地的人们正不断感到新的需求,并且正接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因,政府不得不采取更进一步的革新措施。
74. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization – with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed – was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
译:在欧洲早期工业化国家中,伴随着所有在社会模式的长远改变,工业化进程持续进行了约一个世纪。尽管今天的发展中国家也可能在约十年时间里经历这一同样的过程。
词:
pattern 模式,样式
far-reaching 深远的,影响深远的
undergo 经历
改:在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪,而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
75. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements – themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
译:新的社会压力也开始出现,这是因为人口暴增或由大众人口迁徙运动带来的问题——现代的交通方式使得今天的人口迁徙相对更简单。
词:
arise from 由……引起
relative 相关的
改:由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
2001考研英语(一)英译汉
71. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
译:未来将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目以及带有污染检测器的汽车,而检测器能够在其污染排放超标时使汽车暂停行驶。
词:
monitor n.检测器,监控器
offend vt.冒犯,违规
改:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标,监控器就会使其停驶。
72. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
译:儿童将与配有个性芯片的玩偶玩耍,内置个性的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而非工具,有味电视也将成为一种娱乐放松,届时,数字时代就到来了。
词:
doll n.洋娃娃,玩偶
改:儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而非工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时,数字化时代就来到了。
73. Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that give the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
译:皮尔森汇集整合了世界各地数百位研究者的研究结果,编制出了一种独特的技术千年历,这种技术千年历给出了人们期待的数百项关键技术突破和技术发现出现的最迟日期。
改:皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74. But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:”It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
译:但是皮尔森指出,这种情况仅仅是人机融合的开始:“它将是漫长融合进程中的开端,而这种融合最终导致全电子化的仿真人类在下个世纪末之前出现。”
词:
lead to 导致,通向
改:但是,皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终将在下个世纪末之前导致完全电子人的产生。”
75. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder – kitchen rage
译:居家应用也将变得如此智能,以至于控制和操纵它们将导致人们出现一种新心理疾病–厨房烦躁症。
词:
home appliances 家用电器
breakout n.爆发,出现,发生
disorder n.混乱,疾病
改:家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病–厨房狂躁症。
2002考研英语(一)英译汉
61. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
译:一个难点在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学都坚持把行为归根为精神状态、感觉、性格特点、人类本质等诸如此类。
词:
trace 跟踪,追踪,发现
trait 特点,特性,品质
trace to 根据……来寻找……的根源
改:难点之一在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学都继续从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
译:行为科学一直缓慢发展,部分是因为解释依据似乎往往是直接观察得到的,部分是因为其他解释方式一直很难发现。
词:
item 条款,依据
改:行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察得到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直很难找到。
63. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
译:进化中的自然选择作用学说仅仅在百余年前形成,那时,环境在个体行为的形成和维持方面的选择作用才刚刚开始被承认和研究。
改:自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they’re essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievement.
译:自由和尊严是传统理论上的具有自主意识(自我管理)的人的财产,它们对于践行人为自己行为负责以及从他们的成就中获得信任是必要的。
词:
autonomous 自主的,自治的
credit 信任,荣誉
改:自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,它们是实践活动所必不可少的,在实践中,一个人应该对自己的行为负责,并且因其成就而获得信任。
65. Until these issues are resolved, a techonolgy of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
译:在这些问题解决之前,行为的技术将继续被拒绝使用,而这可能是解决我们的问题的唯一方式。
改:如果这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
2003考研英语(一)英译汉
61. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
译:此外,人类有能力改造他们生活的世界,因此使所有其他生命形式服从于人类自己特有的理念和想法。
词:
futhermore 而且,此外
modify 修改,更改
subject…to… 命令,使…服从于…
peculiar 特有的
fancy 想象
改:而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而使所有其他生命形态服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。
62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
译:社会科学是智力探索的分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用同样可推理、有序的、成系统的、冷静客观的方法研究人类及其行为。
改:社会科学是知识探索的分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
63.The emphasis on data //gathered first-hand//, combined with a cross-cultural perspective (brought to the analysis of cultures past and present)//, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
译:强调数据的第一手来源以及采用一种跨文化视角分析过去和现在的文化使得这项研究称为一门独特而格外重要的社会科学。
词:
emphasis 强调
first-hand 第一手
be combined with 与…结合
perspective 观点,视角
distinctly 明显地
改:强调搜集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使这一项研究称为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
64. Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilites and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
译:泰勒将文化定义为一个包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其他作为一个社会成员所要求的能力和习惯的复杂统一体。
改:泰勒把文化定义为“…一个复合体,它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗,以及人作为社会成员所获得的其他能力和习惯。”
65. Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
译:因此,“文化”这一人类学概念,同数学的“集合”概念一样,是一种抽象概念,它使大量具体的研究和认识成为可能。
2004考研英语(一)英译汉
61. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
译:希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程之间有着某种联系,这种观点在人们意识到语言多样性之前就已经扎根于欧洲了。
改:希腊人认为,语言的结构与思维的过程之间有某种联系。这一观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎下了根。
62. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
译:我们之所以感谢这两位语言学家,是因为一些语言自此消失,这是由于使用这些语言的部族消亡或被同化,进而失去了自己的本族语言。
词:
be obliged to sb. 感谢某人
be obliged to do so. 不得不做某事
63. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
译:这种新描述的语言是明显不同于已被充分研究的欧洲与东南亚的语言,因此一些学者甚至指责博阿斯和萨皮尔伪造他们的研究数据。
词:
strikingly 明显地
fabricate 编造,伪造
改:那些新进描述的语言与得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言通常是如此明显的不同,以至于有些学者指责博阿斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。
64. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
译:出于对语言与思维关系的兴趣,沃夫进一步发展了在一个社会中语言结构决定习惯思维的结构这一概念。
词:
habitual 习惯性的
改:沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
65. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisions the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequence for the culture of society.
译:沃尔夫相信语言决定论,这是因为语言作为最强的形式和状态,束缚了思维并且一种语言的语法模式能够对社会文化产生深远影响。
词:
believe in 相信
determinism 决定论
imprison 关押,禁锢
改:沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的印象
2005考研英语(一)英译汉
46. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed – and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
译:电视是一种媒介,通过这种媒介这些感觉得以产生并传播。而且电视大概从来没有像最近欧洲发生的事件那样,在联系不同民族和国家中起到如此大的作用。
改:电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一————在联系不同的民族和国家方面,电视或许从来没有像在最近的欧洲事物中起到这么大作用。
47. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
译:同其他地方一样,欧洲的多媒体集团越来越成功;这些集团随之一起带来了电视、音频、报纸、杂质以及相关的内容。
词:
bring together 使组合(连接)
改:在欧洲,像在其他地方一样,传媒集团越来越成功;这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸。杂质和出版社组合在一起。
48. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
译:这恰恰阐明要在电视行业中生存不易,统计数据强调的事实显示,80家欧洲电视网络商中,超过半数在1989年出现了亏损。
改:这一点就足以说明,要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明9了这一事实,在80个欧洲电视网中,多达一半在1989年亏损。
49. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
译:不同文化和传统构成了旧大陆的相联系的结构,创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲身份”不是一项简单的事情而且需要战略选择。
改:不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织在一起,要创造一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲身份”绝非易事,需要人们做出战略性选择。
50. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall.”
译:在处理这一范围的挑战中,毫不夸张地说联合则成功,分裂则失败。
改:在应对如此规模的挑战时,可以毫不夸张得说:如果团结,我们就会成功;如果分裂,我们就失败。
2006考研英语(一)英译汉
46. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.
译:我会把知识分子定义为这样的人,他选择把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题作为人生的主要责任和兴趣。
改:我会把知识分子定义为这样的人,他把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题作为人生中的首要任务和乐趣。
47. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing ((in as obvious a manner as possible) the course of reasoning) which led him to this decision.
译:他的作用与法官相似,即必须承担这样的责任:尽可能以一种清楚明显的方式揭示推理的过程,而这种推理过程正是主导着他做出决定。
他的作用与法官想死,即必须承认这样的责任:尽可能以一种清楚明显的方式揭示主导自己做决定的推理过程。
改:他的职责与法官相似,必须承认这样的责任:用尽可能清楚明白的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
48. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but factual aspects of those problems.
译:我之所以排除普通科学家,是因为尽管普通科学家的研究成果可能有助于道德问题的解决,但是他负责的任务仅仅是那些问题的事实方面而非其他。
词:
contribute to 对…有促进作用
be charged with 使…承担任务,使…负责
改:我之所以将普通科学家排除在外,是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题,但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。
49. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
译:但是普通科学家的主要任务并不是考虑支配他们行为的道德准则,正如我们希望商人把他们的精力用于商业行为准则的探索上。
50. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflection on human problems which involve moral judgment.
译:老师们可能教得很好,这不是仅为了挣钱,但是大多数教师对于涉及道德判断的人类问题少有或根本没有独立的思考。
2007考研英语(一)英译汉
46. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
译:传统上,在这些大学中,法律学习一直被视为律师特有的课程,而不是一位受过教育的人知识储备中的必要部分。
改:传统上,这些学校把法律学习看做是律师们所专有的,而不是一个受过教育的人知识储备的必要组成部分。
47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
译:另一方面,法律以一种方式将这些概念与日常实际联系起来,这种方式与新闻工作者日常的报道、评论新闻时形成的联系相似。
词:
be parallel to 与…相似
cover 覆盖,报道
改:另一方面,法律以一种方式把这些观念和日常生活联系起来,这种联系类似于记者每天都在做新闻报道和新闻评论时所形成的联系方式。
48. But the idea //that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen// rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
译:但是,“记者必须比普通大众更加深入地理解法律”这一概念有赖于对新闻媒体的既定习俗和特殊责任的理解。
词:
rest on 依靠,取决于
改:但是,“记者必须必普通市民更加深刻地了解法律”这种观点取决于对新闻媒体的既定习俗和特殊责任的了解。
49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
译:事实上,很难发现那些没有清楚理解把握加拿大宪法基本特点的记者如何能够胜任政治报道工作。
词:
grasp 掌握,了解
constitution 宪法
competent 胜任的,能干的
改:事实上,很难明白那些还没有清晰地领会加拿大宪法基本特征的记者,如何能够胜任政治新闻的报道工作。
50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgements.
译:尽管律师的评论以及反馈也许会提高新闻报道的质量,但是这最好是记者自身依靠他们自己有意义的主张并形成他们自己的判断。
改:虽然律师所提供的评论和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量,但是记者要依靠自己的价值观作判断则更加难得可贵
2008考研英语(一)英译汉
46. …he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
译:达尔文相信这不寻常的困难可能已经产生了一种补偿性优势,即迫使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子,因此使他能够通过逻辑推理以及他自己的观察发现错误。
词:
compensate 补偿的
advantage 优势
intently 专心地
改:他相信,或许因为这种困难,使他不得不对自己要说的每一句话都进行长时间的认真思考,从而在推理和观察中发现自己的错误,结果这反而成了他的有点。
47. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
译:他也断言,他进行一项长时间纯粹抽象的思考的能力是非常有限的,正是出于这种原因,他确信自己从来没有可能在数学领域取得成功。
词:
never could have 根本不可能
改:他还坚持认为自己进行长时间完全抽象思维的能力十分有限,由此他认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。
48. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, //while he was a good observer,// he had no power of reasoning.
译:另一方面,尽管达尔文是一位杰出的观察者,但是同时也被发现,他的确不接受一些批评者认为他没有推理能力的指控,
改:另一方面,一些批评家指责他虽然善于观察,却不具备推理能力,而他认为这种说法缺乏依据。
2009考研英语(一)英译汉
46. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
译:可以这样说,衡量任何社会组织的价值是看其在扩大和提升经验上的影响,但是这种影响并不是其初始动机的一部分。
改:我们可以说,衡量任何社会机构价值的标准,在于它在丰富和完善人生经验方面所起的作用,但这种作用并不是其初始动机的一部分。
47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
译:机构附带的副产品的影响只是逐渐被人们认识,而人们逐渐将这种影响作为机构运行的指导因素则一直更加缓慢。
改:机构附带产生的影响只有主键地才能被注意到,而这种影响被视为机构运行的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。
48. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
译:尽管我们在于他们接触的过程中很容易忽视我们的行为对于他们性格的影响,但是与成年人打交道却并不容易。
词:
so…as… 不如……那么……
改:虽然我们在于年轻人交往的时候,我们很容易忽视我们的行为对于他们性格的影响,但是在与成年人打交道时更容易忽略这种影响。
49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life // we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers //which will secure this ability.
译:我们的主要任务是使他们能够在日常生活中懂得分享,但我们不禁思考是否我们正在形成一种能够确保他们掌握这种能力的力量。
词:
secure v.确保,得到。
50. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education–that of direct tuition or schooling.
译:因此,在我们一直长远考虑的广泛教育进程中,我们被引导去区分出一种更为正规的教育–直接传授或学校教育。
distinguish 区分,区别
tuition 学费,传授
schooling 学校教育。